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‘Government of Order’: Summary Executions & Official Impunity in Company India (c. 1818-1825)

Series
Asian Studies Centre
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Part of the International conference on Maharashtra in September 2021 - Nishant Gokhale, University of Cambridge
On 26th February 1819 Cheel Naik, a Bhil chief, was executed without trial on the orders of John Briggs, Collector & Political Agent in Khandesh. Briggs was the first holder of this office and was an army officer serving the English East India Company (“Company”). Khandesh was one amongst several vast territories in western India which had been recently conquered from the Marathas and placed under the “Sole Commissioner for the Settlement of Territories Conquered from the Peishwa” (“Commissioner”). The Collector & Political Agent reported directly to the Commissioner and both officers became key interlocutors between the Company and various communities in this region.

Despite the Company’s longstanding but fraught relationship with law in Britain, this engagement rarely guided actions of its officials in India. My research furthers recent imperial history scholarship which seeks to understand law through practises and writings of officials on the ground. Focusing on judicial records of capital cases, the paper contends that the ambiguous legal environment of the Commissioner’s territories was informed by both English law and perceived governmental practises of the Marathas. This paper situates Cheel Naik’s execution as one amongst several carried out in the Commissioner’s territories by a plurality of Company legal-- and often questionably legal—fora. While the Commissioner envisioned establishing a “government of order” for the territories under his charge, its precise nature was never clearly articulated. Despite the haziness surrounding this notion, studying the Company’s structure, penological and disciplinary practises in the Commissioner’s territories reveal some of the oddly specific elements of this iteration of order.

This paper not only provides a window into the Company’s internal dynamics and law’s role in its institutional culture, but also provides insights into various communities which engaged--- albeit in diverse ways--- with the Company’s legal system in early 19th century Maharashtra.
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Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK (BY-NC-SA): England & Wales; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.0/uk/

Episode Information

Series
Asian Studies Centre
People
Nishant Gokhale
Keywords
india
Maharashtra
Department: St Antony's College
Date Added: 14/01/2022
Duration: 00:20:46

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Legal Categories, Approaches and Responses to Kidnapping and Forced Marriages in Early Modern Marathi Documents

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Asian Studies Centre
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Part of the International conference on Maharashtra in September 2021 - Prashant, University of Exeter, UK
The paper uncovers women’s kidnappings and forced marriages and investigates the Peshwa government’s approaches and responses as well as the legal categories used for recording such crimes. Although kidnappings were committed for different reasons, abduction for the purpose of forced marriage was most common, for which the documents exclusively examine Brahmins. The state documents, which examine non-Brahmins for kidnapping, generally do not record the intent of the act. Therefore, the paper believes that non-Brahmins possibly also committed such kidnappings for the purpose of forced marriages, and also that some of these kidnappings could be elopements, but the government and/or caste assemblies concealed this and only recorded the kidnapping and not the reason to protect the honour and purity of the communities as well as preventing religious conversions. Although the intent of the kidnapping committed by non-Brahmins was not recorded, the paper argues that such kidnappings committed for forced marriages were more frequent in Brahmin communities. Since under the Peshwas’ enforcement of the Shastric traditions only Brahmins were asked to practice dowry, it is possible that this led to a shortage of females in their communities as parents would abandon/kill them to avoid the fee. Such scarcity of females must be the main reason for kidnapping, as obtaining a dowry would have been desirable for any Brahmin, further encouraged by the knowledge that their marriages would not be dismissed once fully celebrated and that they would not be punished severely, all due to the Peshwas’ enforcement of Shastric traditions. Hence, the paper also asserts that the Peshwa’s pursuit of Shastric traditions encouraged crime and violence against women. The paper reveals such concerns by examining manuscripts and published Marathi documents issued by the Maratha state.
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Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK (BY-NC-SA): England & Wales; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.0/uk/

Episode Information

Series
Asian Studies Centre
People
Prashant
Keywords
india
maharashtra studies
Department: St Antony's College
Date Added: 14/01/2022
Duration: 00:19:05

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Circulation of silver coins in the transition from Maratha to British rule

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Asian Studies Centre
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Part of the International conference on Maharashtra in September 2021 - Michihiro Ogawa, University of Tokyo, Japan
Circulation of Silver Coins in the Period of the Transition from the Maratha rule to the British rule

In the eighteenth century-Maharashtra, a number of gold, silver, copper coins were circulated. Among them, a silver coin (rupee) was the most powerful. Various sorts of rupees, whose value was different from one another, circulated. The kind of the current rupees varied according to area and according to purpose, such as the payment of taxes. Even in one pargana (sub-district), various kinds of rupees circulated. This complex situation partly explains how silver, which gathered into India in the global trade, was used within India. Goldsmiths and money-changers called shroff played the role of exchange of various rupees in this situation. The commission which was entitled as batta was charged on their role. The government officers like kamavisdars at the pargana level also paid batta for their official works. By use of documents on this kind of payment, which are kept in Pune Archives, this paper considers how various sorts of rupees were used for different purposes at the local lever under the Maratha rule.

Reports on the preliminary surveys of the new land revenue settlement (Ryotwari Settlement), which started in the late 1820s, tell various rupees continued to circulate under the British rule. Native peons and staffs in the Bombay Presidency demanded not the Bombay rupees, which were newly issued at the Bombay rupees, but current rupees at the local level such as Ankushi rupees for their salary. Even after it was enacted in 1844 that the coinage of India was standardized into the Company Rupee in the whole territory of the British India, some sorts of rupees still circulated and money-changers actively worked in this situation. This paper studies the complex situation of monetary use under the Maratha rule and its gradual change under the British rule focusing on its local circulation at the local level.
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Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK (BY-NC-SA): England & Wales; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.0/uk/

Episode Information

Series
Asian Studies Centre
People
Michihiro Ogawa
Keywords
india
maharashtra studies
museum; coins; portraits
Department: St Antony's College
Date Added: 14/01/2022
Duration: 00:20:32

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मराठ्यांचे नजराणे

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Asian Studies Centre
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Part of the International conference on Maharashtra in September 2021 - Rahul Magar, SPPU, Pune
Gifts from Marathas

'Gift' is a powerful word in diplomacy. In history Gifts are a symbol of power and prestige; throughout the time it always has been a tool to honor or insult someone. We can assert that gifts have extraordinary political value. Some estimates can be made about the political, economic and social position of the giver and the recipient. It is interesting to study the reasons why gifts were given, which items are considered worthy, how the nature and value of gifts were changed according to the political position of the giver and the receiver.

At the various stages of the Maratha rule, one can see how the importance of this monarchy changed with the exchanges of gifts with other monarchs. The proposed research paperwill study how gifts to special reference to Marathas were circulated in 17th and 18th century South Asia? What techniques were used for this circulation? How diplomatic relations were closely linked to the circulation of gifts?How gifts worked as tool to get cultural and psychological legitimacy? We can see this circulation through various incidents, for example, Jaswant Singh who was in the service of Mughal came to Deccan in C.E. 1667. He gave a richly present, consisting of three horses, three Khasas, one thardar headdress and ten camels to Shivaji. In return, Shivaji gave one horse and some money to three emissaries. In 1667 Sambhaji when he visited prince Muazzam he stayed with Jaswant Singh who also received two horses, one pair of panchua and one than of cloths. Examples like these will help to understand the circulation of gifts and its various dynamics.

For this paper, along with secondary sources, some primary documents from Peshwa daftar, Rajasthan state archives and English factory records will be referred

परकीय संबंधामध्ये किंवा मुत्सद्दीगिरी मध्ये नजराणे शक्ती आणि प्रतिष्ठेचे प्रतीक आहेत. ऐतिहासिक काळापासून एखाद्याचा सन्मान करणे किंवा अपमान करण्यासाठी नजराण्याचा नेहमीच एक साधन म्हणून वापर झालेला दिसून येतो. इतिहासामध्ये नजराण्याला विलक्षण राजकीय मूल्य आहे. यावरून नजराणा देणारा आणि स्वीकारणार्याच्या राजकीय, आर्थिक आणि सामाजिक स्थितीबद्दल काही अंदाज बांधले जाऊ शकतात. नजराणे का दिले गेले, कोणत्या वस्तू नजराणे म्हणून देण्यायोग्य मानल्या गेल्या, देणार्यांच्या आणि स्वीकारणाऱ्याच्या राजकीय स्थितीनुसार नजराण्याचे स्वरूप आणि मूल्य कसे बदलले याचा अभ्यास करणे रोचक आहे.

मराठा राजवटीच्या वेगवेगळ्या टप्प्यावर नजराणे देणारे आणि स्वीकारणारे अश्या दोन्ही राजसत्तांचे महत्त्व कसे बदलले ते पाहता येणे शक्य आहे. प्रस्तावित संशोधनामध्ये १७ व्या आणि १८ व्या शतकात मराठ्यांच्या विशेष संदर्भात दक्षिण आशियामध्ये नजराण्यांची देवाणघेवाण कशी होत असे? या देवाणघेवाणीच्या व्यवहारात कोणते संकेत रूढ होते? नजराणे देणे, घेणे आणि मुत्सद्दीपणा यांचा काय संबंध होता? सांस्कृतिक आणि मानसिक वैधता मिळविण्यासाठी नजराण्यांचा वापर कसा झाला? या सर्व बाबींसंबंधीचा अभ्यास आपण विविध संदर्भसाधनांच्या साहाय्याने करू शकतो. उदाहरणार्थ, मुघलांच्या सेवेत असलेले जसवंत सिंह इ.स. १६६७ मध्ये दख्खनमध्ये आले. त्यांनी शिवाजीला तीन घोडे, तीन खास (वस्त्रविशेष), एक थारदार शिरस्त्राण आणि दहा उंट नजराणा म्हणून दिले. त्या बदल्यात शिवाजींनी तीन दूतांना एक घोडा आणि काही पैसे दिले. १६६७ मध्ये संभाजी जेव्हा राजपुत्र मुअज्जमला भेटले तेव्हा ते जसवंतसिंग यांच्याकडे राहिले. संभाजींना दोन घोडे, पाचुआची एक जोडी (वस्त्रविशेष), आणि काही कपडे देण्यात आले. यासारख्या उदाहरणामुळे नजराण्यांची देवाणघेवाण आणि त्यातील विविध बाबी समजण्यास मदत होईल.

या संशोधनासाठी दुय्यम साधनांसह पेशवे दफ्तर, राजस्थान राज्य अभिलेखागार व इंग्लिश फॅक्टरी रेकॉर्ड्स मधील नोंदी यांचा प्राथमिक संदर्भसाधने म्हणून वापर केला जाईल.
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Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK (BY-NC-SA): England & Wales; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.0/uk/

Episode Information

Series
Asian Studies Centre
People
Rahul Magar
Keywords
india
Maharashtra
Department: St Antony's College
Date Added: 14/01/2022
Duration: 00:19:33

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The Story of the Slaveship, Enterprise

Series
Race and Resistance: Understanding Bermuda Today
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Race, Law and History, talk 2

Episode Information

Series
Race and Resistance: Understanding Bermuda Today
People
Ben Adamson
Keywords
bermuda
slave trade
Department: The Oxford Research Centre in the Humanities (TORCH)
Date Added: 13/01/2022
Duration: 00:12:50

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Post-Emancipation Legislation

Series
Race and Resistance: Understanding Bermuda Today
Embed
Race, Law and History, talk 3

Episode Information

Series
Race and Resistance: Understanding Bermuda Today
People
Walton Brown
Keywords
emancipation
law
Department: The Oxford Research Centre in the Humanities (TORCH)
Date Added: 13/01/2022
Duration: 00:13:40

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Legislation is essential but not always adequate

Series
Race and Resistance: Understanding Bermuda Today
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Race, Law and History, talk 4.

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Series
Race and Resistance: Understanding Bermuda Today
People
Venous Memari
Keywords
legislation
Department: The Oxford Research Centre in the Humanities (TORCH)
Date Added: 13/01/2022
Duration: 00:12:31

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The Intersection of Women’s Suffrage and Race Speaker name Kim Caines

Series
Race and Resistance: Understanding Bermuda Today
Embed
Race, Law and History, talk 5.

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Series
Race and Resistance: Understanding Bermuda Today
People
Kimberley Caines
Keywords
suffrage
race
Department: The Oxford Research Centre in the Humanities (TORCH)
Date Added: 13/01/2022
Duration: 00:14:22

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Second Class Citizens: First Class Men

Series
Race and Resistance: Understanding Bermuda Today
Embed
Book reading 1.
Pembroke College Bermuda History of Race and Resistance Book Project, August 2015.

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Series
Race and Resistance: Understanding Bermuda Today
People
Eva Hodgson
Keywords
bermuda
race
Department: The Oxford Research Centre in the Humanities (TORCH)
Date Added: 13/01/2022
Duration: 00:10:35

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Island Flames: Murder, Execution and Racial Enmity – The Real Story of Bermuda’s 1977 Riots

Series
Race and Resistance: Understanding Bermuda Today
Embed
Book reading 2.
Pembroke College Bermuda History of Race and Resistance Book Project, August 2015.

Episode Information

Series
Race and Resistance: Understanding Bermuda Today
People
Jonathan Smith
Keywords
bermuda
race
Department: The Oxford Research Centre in the Humanities (TORCH)
Date Added: 13/01/2022
Duration: 00:12:27

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