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Causality and Autoencoders in the Light of Drug Repurposing for COVID-19

Series
Department of Statistics
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Caroline Uhler (MIT), gives a OxCSML Seminar on Friday 2nd July 2021.
Abstract: Massive data collection holds the promise of a better understanding of complex phenomena and ultimately, of better decisions. An exciting opportunity in this regard stems from the growing availability of perturbation / intervention data (genomics, advertisement, education, etc.). In order to obtain mechanistic insights from such data, a major challenge is the integration of different data modalities (video, audio, interventional, observational, etc.). Using genomics as an example, I will first discuss our recent work on coupling autoencoders to integrate and translate between data of very different modalities such as sequencing and imaging. I will then present a framework for integrating observational and interventional data for causal structure discovery and characterize the causal relationships that are identifiable from such data. We then provide a theoretical analysis of autoencoders linking overparameterization to memorization. In particular, I will characterize the implicit bias of overparameterized autoencoders and show that such networks trained using standard optimization methods implement associative memory. We end by demonstrating how these ideas can be applied for drug repurposing in the current COVID-19 crisis.

Episode Information

Series
Department of Statistics
People
Caroline Uhler
Keywords
statistics
maths
machine learning
Covid-19
data
Health
Department: Department of Statistics
Date Added: 29/07/2021
Duration: 00:58:58

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Recent Applications of Stein's Method in Machine Learning

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Department of Statistics
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Qiang Liu (University of Texas at Austin) gives the OxCSML Seminar on Friday 4th June 2021.
Abstract: Stein's method is a powerful technique for deriving fundamental theoretical results on approximating and bounding distances between probability measures, such as central limit theorem. Recently, it was found that the key ideas in Stein's method, despite being originally designed as a pure theoretical technique, can be repurposed to provide a basis for developing practical and scalable computational methods for learning and using large scale, intractable probabilistic models. This talk will give an overview for some of these recent advances of Stein's method in machine learning.

Episode Information

Series
Department of Statistics
People
Qiang Liu
Keywords
statistics
maths
machine learning
ai
Department: Department of Statistics
Date Added: 29/07/2021
Duration: 00:56:43

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Do Simpler Models Exist and How Can We Find Them?

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Department of Statistics
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Cynthia Rudin (Duke University) gives a OxCSML Seminar on Friday 14th May 2021.
Abstract: While the trend in machine learning has tended towards more complex hypothesis spaces, it is not clear that this extra complexity is always necessary or helpful for many domains. In particular, models and their predictions are often made easier to understand by adding interpretability constraints. These constraints shrink the hypothesis space; that is, they make the model simpler. Statistical learning theory suggests that generalization may be improved as a result as well. However, adding extra constraints can make optimization (exponentially) harder. For instance it is much easier in practice to create an accurate neural network than an accurate and sparse decision tree. We address the following question: Can we show that a simple-but-accurate machine learning model might exist for our problem, before actually finding it? If the answer is promising, it would then be worthwhile to solve the harder constrained optimization problem to find such a model. In this talk, I present an easy calculation to check for the possibility of a simpler model. This calculation indicates that simpler-but-accurate models do exist in practice more often than you might think.

This talk is mainly based on the following paper
Lesia Semenova, Cynthia Rudin, and Ron Parr. A Study in Rashomon Curves and Volumes: A New Perspective on Generalization and Model Simplicity in Machine Learning. In progress, 2020.
https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.01755

Episode Information

Series
Department of Statistics
People
Cynthia Rudin
Keywords
statistics
maths
modelling
Department: Department of Statistics
Date Added: 29/07/2021
Duration: 00:56:01

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Practical pre-asymptotic diagnostic of Monte Carlo estimates in Bayesian inference and machine learning

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Department of Statistics
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Aki Vehtari (Aalto University) gives the OxCSML Seminar on Friday 7th May 2021
Abstract: I discuss the use of the Pareto-k diagnostic as a simple and practical approach for estimating both the required minimum sample size and empirical pre-asymptotic convergence rate for Monte Carlo estimates. Even when by construction a Monte Carlo estimate has finite variance the pre-asymptotic behaviour and convergence rate can be very different from the asymptotic behaviour following the central limit theorem. I demonstrate with practical examples in importance sampling, stochastic optimization, and variational inference, which are commonly used in Bayesian inference and machine learning.

Episode Information

Series
Department of Statistics
People
Aki Vehtari
Keywords
statistics
maths
machine learning
Department: Department of Statistics
Date Added: 29/07/2021
Duration: 00:57:48

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International Law and the Practice of Legality: stability and change

Series
Public International Law Part III
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Professor Jutta Brunnée, University of Toronto, gives a talk for the seminar series on 6th May 2021.
Drawing on the practice-turn in constructivism and in international relations (IR) theory more generally, I will argue that a particular approach to managing stability and change is inherent in, and indeed characteristic of, legality in international as in domestic law. The "interactional law" framework that I developed with Stephen Toope places particular emphasis on what we call the "practice of legality". This concept is central to understanding how law can both enable and constrain state actions, and why international law is a distinctive language of justification and contestation. In turn, the focus on stability and change is helpful because it directly confronts some of the persistent doubts and assumptions about international law, in particular in relation to international politics. Our work is animated by the intuition that the dominant views in IR and international law scholarship underestimate international law's capacity to mediate stability and change, in part because they focus on the surface of law (treaties, statutes and so on) and external factors (interests, enforcement). They neglect the deeper structure of what makes norms "law," and the distinctive practices that account for both its relative stability and its capacity for change.

Jutta Brunnée is Dean, University Professor and James Marshall Tory Dean’s Chair, at the University of Toronto’s Faculty of Law. Her teaching and research interests are in the areas of Public International Law, International Environmental Law and International Legal Theory. She has published extensively in each of these areas. Her current research agenda explores the role of international legality and legal practices in mediating between stability and change in international law. Dean Brunnée is co-author of International Climate Change Law (OUP 2017), which was awarded the American Society of International Law’s 2018 Certificate of Merit “in a specialized area of international law” and was recently translated into Korean, and of Legitimacy and Legality in International Law: An Interactional Account (CUP 2010), which was awarded the American Society of International Law’s 2011 Certificate of Merit “for preeminent contribution to creative scholarship.” She was elected Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada in 2013, and Associate of the Institut de Droit International in 2017. In 2019, she delivered a course on “Procedure and Substance in International Environmental Law” at The Hague Academy of International Law, published in the Academy's Collected Courses / Recueil des Cours series (2020). In 2020, Dean Brunnée was appointed University Professor, the University of Toronto’s highest and most distinguished academic rank.

Episode Information

Series
Public International Law Part III
People
Jutta Brunnée
Keywords
law
international law
public international law
Department: Faculty of Law
Date Added: 29/07/2021
Duration: 00:33:57

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The Last of the Titans

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Fantasy Literature
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This talk explores the myth underlying the action in John Wyndham's `The Kraken Wakes'.
This talk discusses the fantasy novel The Kraken Wakes by John Wyndham. The novel is often described as science fiction, but the underlying legend of a sea monster has a long history and appears in literature all over the world. Sometimes the creature is non-aggressive, often aggressive; the narrator and his wife evoke both traditions. Jane Bliss is an independent scholar based in Oxford, working on a number of medieval topics including Romance and Anglo-Norman Literature.

Episode Information

Series
Fantasy Literature
People
Jane Bliss
Keywords
fantasy literature
mythology
science fiction
Department: Faculty of English Language and Literature
Date Added: 27/07/2021
Duration: 00:12:45

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July 2021 with special guest Dr Katie Myers Smith

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Let's talk e-cigarettes
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Jamie Hartmann-Boyce and Nicola Lindson discuss emerging evidence in e-cigarette research. Dr Katie Myers Smith discusses findings from her recent study.
Jamie Hartmann-Boyce and Nicola Lindson discuss emerging evidence in e-cigarette research and Dr Katie Myers Smith responds to questions on her recent research. This podcast is a companion to the electronic cigarettes Cochrane living systematic review and shares the evidence from the monthly searches.

In the July episode Dr Katie Myers Smith from Queen Mary University of London talks about her team's recent study looking at e-cigarettes versus nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) as a harm reduction intervention for people who smoke and who find quitting difficult. Their randomised controlled study compared e-cigarettes with NRT in 135 people who smoked and who were previously unable to stop smoking with conventional treatments. Dr Myers Smith's study found that in people who smoked and were unable to quit using conventional methods, e-cigarettes were more effective than NRT in facilitating validated long-term smoking reduction and smoking cessation, when limited other support was provided.

We will include the results in our Cochrane review. For more information on the study see Myers Smith et al 2021, Addiction, June 2021, DOI: 10.1111/add.15628 .

Our July 2021 literature search identified two new included studies (Myers Smith et al 2021, DOI: 10.1111/add.15628 ; Kimber et al 2021 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.106909 ) and two reports linked to studies already in the review (Leavens et al 2021, DOI: 10.1111/add.15597 linked to Pulvers 2020; Jones et al 2021, DOI: 10.1097/ADM.0000000000000881 linked to Klonizakis 2017).

Episode Information

Series
Let's talk e-cigarettes
People
Jamie Hartmann-Boyce
Nicola Lindson
Katie Myers Smith
Keywords
Medicine
smoking
E-cigarettes
Health
Department: Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine
Date Added: 26/07/2021
Duration: 00:16:40

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Panel 1 - Who Owns this Place? Pondering Identities Questions

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Putting magic in place: a knowledge exchange event
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Questions and answers from the first panel of the seminar. Moderated by Alice Purkiss (National Trust Partnership and University of Oxford).

Episode Information

Series
Putting magic in place: a knowledge exchange event
People
Alice Purkiss
Keywords
literature
magic
history
national trust
Department: The Oxford Research Centre in the Humanities (TORCH)
Date Added: 26/07/2021
Duration: 00:08:27

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The Byland Abbey ghost stories: using the dead to bring a medieval monastery to life

Series
Putting magic in place: a knowledge exchange event
Embed
Michael Carter (English Heritage) gives the second talk for the seminar.

Episode Information

Series
Putting magic in place: a knowledge exchange event
People
Michael Carter
Keywords
magic
literature
paganism
heritage. english heritage
Department: The Oxford Research Centre in the Humanities (TORCH)
Date Added: 26/07/2021
Duration: 00:19:03

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Book at Lunchtime: Jews, Liberalism, Antisemitism

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TORCH | The Oxford Research Centre in the Humanities
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Book at Lunchtime is a series of bite-sized book discussions held weekly during term-time, with commentators from a range of disciplines. The events are free to attend and open to all.
About the book:

The emancipatory promise of liberalism - and its exclusionary qualities - shaped the fate of Jews in many parts of the world during the age of empire. Yet historians have mostly understood the relationship between Jews, liberalism and antisemitism as a European story, defined by the collapse of liberalism and the Holocaust. This volume challenges that perspective by taking a global approach. It takes account of recent historical work that explores issues of race, discrimination and hybrid identities in colonial and postcolonial settings, but which has done so without taking much account of Jews. Individual essays explore how liberalism, citizenship, nationality, gender, religion, race functioned differently in European Jewish heartlands, in the Mediterranean peripheries of Spain and the Ottoman empire, and in the North American Atlantic world.

Speakers:

Professor Abigail Green is Professor of Modern European History at Brasenose College, Oxford. Her recent work focuses on international Jewish history and transnational humanitarian activism. She is currently completing a three year Leverhulme Senior Research Fellowship, working on a new book on liberalism and the Jews, tentatively titled Children of 1848: Liberalism and the Jews from the Revolutions to Human Rights. Working in partnership with colleagues in the heritage sector, she is also leading a major four year AHRC-funded project on Jewish country houses.

Professor Simon Levis Sullam is Associate Professor of Modern History at Ca’ Foscari, University of Venice, Italy. His fields of interest include the history of ideas and culture in Europe between the Nineteenth and the Twentieth century, with a particular focus on nationalisms and fascism; the history of the Jews and of Anti-Semitism; the history of the Holocaust; the history of historiography, and questions of historical method. His many publications include, most recently, The Italian Executioners: The Genocide of the Jews of Italy.

Professor Adam Sutcliffe is Professor of European History and co-director of the Centre for Enlightenment Studies at King’s College London. His research has focused on in the intellectual history of Western Europe between approximately 1650 and 1850, and on the history of Jews, Judaism and Jewish/non-Jewish relations in Europe from 1600 to the present. Professor Sutcliffe’s most recent publication, What Are Jews For? History, Peoplehood and Purpose, is a wide-ranging look at the history of Western thinking on the purpose of the Jewish people.

Dr Kei Hiruta is Assistant Professor and AIAS-COFUND Fellow at the Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies, Aarhus University, Denmark. His research lies at the intersection of political philosophy and intellectual history, with particular interest in theories of freedom in modern political thought. His book Hannah Arendt and Isaiah Berlin: Freedom, Politics and Humanity will be published from Princeton University Press in autumn 2021.

Episode Information

Series
TORCH | The Oxford Research Centre in the Humanities
People
Abigail Green
Simon Levis Sullam
Adam Sutcliffe
Kei Hiruta
Wes Williams
Keywords
jews
judaism
Jewish
antisemitism
liberalism
politics
philosophy
history
Global history
Department: The Oxford Research Centre in the Humanities (TORCH)
Date Added: 23/07/2021
Duration: 01:04:04

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